ENVIORMENTAL SETUP FOR C++

Hello Friends!!! Now I am learn that how can you setup a best enviroment for learn C++ programming language.Before you start doing programming using C++, you need following two software's available on your computer.

Text Editor:=>
This will be used to type your program. Examples of few editors include Windows Notepad, OS Edit command, Brief, Epsilon, EMACS, and vim or vi.Name and version of text editor can vary on different operating systems. For exampe Notepad will be used on Windows and vim or vi can be used on windows as well as Linux, or Unix.The files you create with your editor are called source files, and for C++ they typically are named with the extension .cpp, .cp, or .c.Before starting your programming, make sure you have one text editor in place and you have enough experience to type your C++ program.


C++ Compiler:=>
This is actual C++ compiler which will be used to compile your source code into final executable program.Most C++ compilers don't care what extension you give your source code, but if you don't specify otherwise, many will use .cpp by defaultMost frequently used and free available compiler is GNU C/C++ compiler, otherwise you can have compilers either from HP or Solaris if you have respective Operating Systems.

Installing GNU C/C++ Compiler:=>
Unix/Linux Installation: If you are using Linux or Unix then check whether GCC is installed on your system by entering the following command from the command line:
$ g++ -v If you have installed GCC then it should print a message such as the following: Using built-in specs. Target: i386-redhat-linux Configured with: ../configure --prefix=/usr ....... Thread model: posix gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-46) If GCC is not installed, then you will have to install it yourself using the detailed instructions available at http://gcc.gnu.org/install/

Mac OS X Installation:=>
If you use Mac OS X, the easiest way to obtain GCC is to download the Xcode development environment from Apple's web site and follow the simple installation instructions.Xcode is currently available at developer.apple.com/technologies/tools/.

Windows Installation:=>
To install GCC at Windows you need to install MinGW. To install MinGW, go to the MinGW homepage, www.mingw.org, and follow the link to the MinGW download page. Download the latest version of the MinGW installation program, which should be named MinGW-.exe.While installing MinWG, at a minimum, you must install gcc-core, gcc-g++, binutils, and the MinGW runtime, but you may wish to install more.Add the bin subdirectory of your MinGW installation to your PATH environment variable so that you can specify these tools on the command line by their simple names.When the installation is complete, you will be able to run gcc, g++, ar, ranlib, dlltool, and several other GNU tools from the Windows command line.
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FUNCTIONS IN C LANGUAGE

Hello Friends, Now I am going to tell about the functions in C language. A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least one function which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions. You can divide up your code into separate functions. How you divide up your code among different functions is up to you, but logically the division usually is so each function performs a specific task. A function declaration tells the compiler about a function's name, return type, and parameters. A function definition provides the actual body of the function. The C standard library provides numerous built-in functions that your program can call. For example, function strcat() to concatenate two strings, function memcpy() to copy one memory location to another location and many more functions. A function is knows as with various names like a method or a sub-routine or a procedure etc.

Defining a Function:
The general form of a function definition in C programming language is as follows: return_type function_name( parameter list ) { body of the function } A function definition in C programming language consists of a function header and a function body. Here are all the parts of a function: Return Type: A function may return a value. The return_type is the data type of the value the function returns. Some functions perform the desired operations without returning a value. In this case, the return_type is the keyword void. Function Name: This is the actual name of the function. The function name and the parameter list together constitute the function signature. Parameters: A parameter is like a placeholder. When a function is invoked, you pass a value to the parameter. This value is referred to as actual parameter or argument. The parameter list refers to the type, order, and number of the parameters of a function. Parameters are optional; that is, a function may contain no parameters. Function Body: The function body contains a collection of statements that define what the function does. Example: Following is the source code for a function called max(). This function takes two parameters num1 and num2 and returns the maximum between the two: /* function returning the max between two numbers */ int max(int num1, int num2) { /* local variable declaration */ int result; if (num1 > num2) result = num1; else result = num2; return result; }
Function Declarations:
A function declaration tells the compiler about a function name and how to call the function. The actual body of the function can be defined separately. A function declaration has the following parts: return_type function_name( parameter list ); For the above defined function max(), following is the function declaration: int max(int num1, int num2); Parameter names are not important in function declaration only their type is required, so following is also valid declaration: int max(int, int); Function declaration is required when you define a function in one source file and you call that function in another file. In such case you should declare the function at the top of the file calling the function.
Calling a Function:
While creating a C function, you give a definition of what the function has to do. To use a function, you will have to call that function to perform the defined task.
When a program calls a function, program control is transferred to the called function. A called function performs defined task and when its return statement is executed or when its function-ending closing brace is reached, it returns program control back to the main program.
To call a function you simply need to pass the required parameters along with function name and if function returns a value then you can store returned value. For example:
#include
/* function declaration */
int max(int num1, int num2);
int main ()
{
/* local variable definition */
int a = 100;
int b = 200;
int ret;
/* calling a function to get max value */
ret = max(a, b);
printf( "Max value is : %d\n", ret );
return 0;
}
/* function returning the max between two numbers */
int max(int num1, int num2)
{
/* local variable declaration */
int result;
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
result = num2;
return result;
}
I kept max() function along with main() function and complied the source code. While running final executable, it would produce following result:
Max value is : 200
Function Arguments:
If a function is to use arguments, it must declare variables that accept the values of the arguments. These variables are called the formal parameters of the function.
The formal parameters behave like other local variables inside the function and are created upon entry into the function and destroyed upon exit.
While calling a function, there are two ways that arguments can be passed to a function:
1.Call by value This method copies the actual value of an argument into the formal parameter of the function. In this case, changes made to the parameter inside the function have no effect on the argument.
2.Call by reference This method copies the address of an argument into the formal parameter. Inside the function, the address is used to access the actual argument used in the call. This means that changes made to the parameter affect the argument. By default, C uses call by value to pass arguments. In general, this means that code within a function cannot alter the arguments used to call the function and above mentioned example while calling max() function used the same method.

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